Підготовка в Україні авіаційних фахівців за дуальною формою здобуття вищої освіти: історія та сьогодення

Abstract

У статті розглянута історія побудови і функціонування елементів дуальної моделі навчання в авіаційних закладах вищої освіти України; аналізуються специфіка і переваги сучасної системи дуальної освіти, що впроваджується в нашій країні, як найбільш перспективної і практикоорієнтовної форми взаємодії освітніх організацій і підприємств авіаційної галузі. In the article the author considers the history of arrangement and functioning of elements of dual model of education in aviation establishments of higher education of Ukraine, analyzes the specification and advantages of dual education system which is being introduced in our country as the most perspective and practice orientated form of cooperation of educational organizations and enterprises of aviation field. Modern education requires new educational technologies, forms and innovations which are able to provide high quality of specialists’ training. There is an actual problem of increasing the quality of aviation education in Ukraine, its dualization and strengthening of practical orientation. It is dual education (the form of specialists’ training that combines theoretical studying in educational organization and practical training at an enterprise where students develop professional competences required for a definite production) that gives the possibility to establish connection with an enterprise, which is essential for aviation specialists’ practical training; it has to help students to achieve professional experience which will bring their skills closer to the labour market needs. Dual education is the chance to reduce the outflow of prospective young people abroad. The principles and models of dual education were being implemented actively and successfully in Ukraine in 1920s – 1930s. Those principles and models included close cooperation of higher technical establishments and production. The most successful example of cooperation was in the aviation field. It is necessary to study thoroughly not only European experience but the best examples of the experience of our country with its further adaptation to the requirements of modern employers, who show high needs in qualified, socially mobile specialists. Modern Ukrainian education uses European educational practices. Firstly, in 2005, Ukraine adopted the Bologna process standards. The project of popularization, adaptation an implementation of dual education in Ukraine has been implemented since 2014 thanks to cooperation of Ministry of Education and Science with Friedrich Ebert representative office in Ukraine, Ukrainian Marketing Association, German and Ukrainian Agricultural Political Dialogue, Eastern Partnership Project "Dual Education in Dialogue", Scientific and Methodological Centre of higher and pre-higher professional education, and employers and educational establishments’ representatives. In Ukrainian legislation the final concept of dual specialists’ training system in Ukraine was worked out by the Direction of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 10 September No 660-р. "About the approval of the Concept of specialists’ training in accordance with dual form of education". In Ukraine the implementation of dual specialists’ training system is planned to be done in three stages: the 1st stage – development of regulatory and legal basis for dual education implementation in full (2018-2019); the 2nd stage – working out the typical models of dual education in educational establishments, implementation of pilot projects of dual education, testing the effectiveness (2019-2020); the 3rd stage – dual education clusters’ setting up on the basis of competitive educational establishments and concerned employers – enterprises, establishments, organizations, including those that are in the field of management of public authorities (2020-2023). To make new regulatory basis effective and efficient, it is necessary to work out several models which regulate the cooperation of universities, employers and students. Dual education involves students in manufacturing process and has nothing in common with well organized practical training. The content of dual approach which is used by aviation higher educational establishments is the following: theoretical training of students is done at core departments of an educational establishment and practical training is done during working procedure at a productive enterprise. The modern dual education system, which is being implemented in our country, allows you to close the gap between theory and practice in the process of qualified aviation specialists’ training. It is a possibility for the aerospace industry enterprises to get qualified specialists, to reduce costs foreseen for search and selection of employees, their retraining and adaptation, to select the best graduates, because their strong and weak sides are vivid during their practical training. For students it is a chance to adapt to real working conditions, to develop their abilities to work in a team, to form professional competences and responsibilities, to get a job according to their qualification after graduation. The dual education system has a number of advantages as compared to the traditional one: elimination of the main drawback of the traditional forms and methods of training – the gap between theory and practice; development of future specialist’s psychology; the creating of high motivation to gain knowledge and acquire skills in work; educational establishment taking stock of requirements of customer enterprises to future specialists; providing the high percentage of graduates’ getting a job (because they fully meet the requirements of the employer, and the training is as close as possible to production requests); the assessment of specialists’ training quality by the employers themselves (the possibility to assess future specialists’ training level directly in the working process); teachers’ training course at the productive enterprise; involving teachers as specialists of enterprise partners; lower budget load (part of professional training costs is paid by an enterprise). Prospective study is the study of the next tasks of dual education adaptation to Ukrainian realities: providing integration of the educational establishment and the enterprise; analyzing the enterprise needs in aviation specialists; working out professional standards and building up educational programmes on their basis; forms and content of vocational guidance with schoolchildren to choose their occupation consciously.