Метод проектів як сучасна педагогічна технологія: визначення та основні функції

Abstract

У статті розглянуто проектну діяльність у педагогіці, визначення та основні функції методу проектів. Автором проведено ретроспективний аналіз методу проектів у та його практичне впровадження у педагогіку. Наведено класифікацію проектів, а саме: дослідницький, пошуковий, творчий, рольовий, прикладний, інформаційний, ігровий та ознайомчо-орієнтований проекти. Схарактеризовано етапи роботи над проектом. Висвітлено психолого-педагогічні аспекти проектної діяльності. In the article it was considered project activity in pedagogics, definition and basic functions of project method. Author has conducted a retrospective analysis of the project method and its practical introduction in pedagogics. Teachers’ interest in this method was predefined by inducing interest of schoolchildren to surrounding life, education of independence and initiativeness. It was underlined that the project method is considered as effective means of developing creative skills, preparation of pupils to professional activity. It was pointed out that concept ”project method” is interpreted by scientists in different ways: as a complex method of study, as pedagogical technology, as the particular practical teacher’s tools, which is used to form a certain system of skills and knowledge of schoolchildren. It was focused in the article that project method as a part of a pedagogical system performs basic functions, namely: didactical, cognitive, educative, socializing and developing. For a long period of time project method was not widely used as the process of studies was interpreted exceptionally as a method of knowledge transmission. And only from the middle of the 90s this method has gained the attention of Ukrainian teachers and become the object of scientific research. It was analyzed the classification of projects, namely: research, searching, creative, role-play, applied, informative, playing and acquainting-oriented projects. It was characterized the stages of carrying out of a project. These stages include: preparation of project, choosing of topic of educational project by the teacher, choosing the name of the project, defining the aim of the project, its realization (the process of making of an educational product), public presentation of project results, assessment of the pupils’ work. The author concludes that during presentation of project students represent the job results, describe the applied methods by means of the received information, tell about problems that they face during project implementation, demonstrate the aquired knowledge, skills and creative potential.