Розвиток базових питань механіки в епоху середніх віків

Abstract

В даній статті розглядається перспективний підхід до покращення методики викладання технічної механік, в якому використовується аналогія між історичним розвитком понять механіки на протязі історичного інтервалу часу та педагогічними процесами, що мають місце під час вивчення механіки. The development of the basic foundation of mechanics had begun since the times of Antique Greece, Aristotle was one of the civilization founders. He proposed a number of notions, in particular – the force, and developed a geocentric system of the world structure, which had been considered correct by the civilized humanity for almost 2000 years. The peoples of the Middle East contributed into this development very much. That is where the system of notation with the base of 60 appeared. In the antique times the law of conservation of mass was discovered. Empedocles considered, that nothing could appear from nothing, and nothing could be destroyed. Several thousand years ago the precession of venal equinoctial point through the sky was spotted. In those days the lists of Sun and Moon eclipses were compiled which were treated as anger or mercy of the ancient Gods. The first kinematic model of the Solar system, based on the generalized reasoning and some popular mechanical laws, was built by Eudoxus of Cnidus, who denied the perfect character of the heavenly bodies’ circular movement. Copernicus publicly declared that it is the Sun, not the Earth, which is situated in the center of the system of planets. As the reference bodies he chose the immovable stars. Copernicus’s contribution into the development of mechanics in general was the following: 1) suggested to use the notion of the reference bode; 2) used the coordinate systems. Nemorariy was the scientist, who solved the task about the equilibrium (balance) of the body on the ramp. He was the first to acknowledge the difference between notions of ‘bode weight’ and ‘the mass of the body’. Nemorariy’s contribution into the development of mechanics in general was the following: 1) found the conditions of the equilibrium of the body on the leaning surface; 2) suggested to use the notion of ‘friction force’; 3) pointed out the difference between the notions of ‘mass’ and ‘weight’. Rene Descartes didn’t believe into the authority of celebrities blindly and didn’t believe into mysticism, was against scholasticism, he was for the scientific way of development of mechanics and the science in general. The thinker considered the vortices of various scales in the ether to be the main form of the motion of matter; to his mind, it is the vortices that set in motion the planets and the Sun, the Solar system was involved into the more extensive vortex. Descartes’s contribution into the development of mechanics in general was the following: 1) suggested the orthogonal coordinate system; 2) gave the modern math symbols and investigated new branches of mathematics, which were also applied to the consideration of the problems of mechanics; 3) introduced the notion of vortices of ‘ether’, which Universe is filled with. Galileo practically laid the foundations of the new dynamics and laid the basis of the development of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. In fact, the thinker is the founder of such important sciences as ‘dynamics’, ‘kinematics’ and ‘strength of materials’. Without these subjects the creation of machines and mechanisms would be impossible. Galileo was Newton’s predecessor with his own variant of the law of gravity. The thinker comes to the conclusion, that the force, which is constant in time, leads to the movement with the constant acceleration in time. He was the first to establish, that without the influenced of the air a body would move on parabola. Air resistance leads to the motion of the body on ballistic curve. In fact, the thinker was the first to formulate the second Newton’s law and ye formulated the first Newton’s law in the form of the law about the space inertia. Galileo’s contribution into the development of mechanics in general was the following: 1) introduced the notion of ‘moment of force’ in statics; 2) introduced the notion of speed in the modern understanding of the term; 3) suggested a variant of the law of gravity. Huygens Christian was the first to investigate the motion of the pendulums and created the pendulum clock, which had high accuracy as for those days. The contribution of Huygens into the development of mechanics: 1) introduced the formula for the period of pendulum fluctuations; 2) created the formula for the identification of the centrifugal force. Blaise Pascal suggested his formula of the dynamics law, which resembled the second Newton’s law.