Педагогічні засади підготовки авіаційних фахівців до професійної діяльності в екстремальних умовах

Abstract

Стаття присвячена аналізу професійної підготовки майбутніх пілотів в екстремальних умовах льотної діяльності. У статті автор проводить аналіз різних підходів до навчання курсантів-пілотів вищих льотних навчальних закладів в екстремальних умовах льотної діяльності та підкреслює важливість інтеграції компонентів педагогічної системи. У статті систематизовано екстремальні умови. Окреслено основні підходи до теоретичної та практичної підготовки зазначеної категорії авіафахівців. Запропоновано авторське тлумачення «екстремальних умов льотної діяльності». The article is devoted to the analysis of professional training of future pilots in extreme conditions of flight activity. In the article the author analyzes various approaches to the training of pilot-pilots of higher flight schools in extreme conditions of flight activity. The article generalizes theoretical and methodical principles of theory and practice of pilotsʼ, air traffic controllersʼ professional training in emergency flight conditions and extreme situations. On the basis of summarizing the viewpoints of scientists concerning different types of extreme situations it was considered the specifics, structure and classification of special conditions and in-flight emergencies. Extreme conditions and emergency situations of professional flight activity of pilots, air traffic controllers were categorized in the specific conditions of professional activity, namely: physical (adverse meteorological conditions, extremely low temperature at high echelons); psychophysiological (injuries among passengers and crew, disability of crew members, emotional and psychological tension, accidents, influence of world and sound stimuli); informational (information isolation caused by impossibility of radio communication with the controller and ground services, adjacent sides, medical personnel; language barrier, which does not allow comprehension among the participants of the negotiations; lack of information on the air environment); with elements of uncertainty (loss of orientation, which makes it difficult to calculate the time for landing; discharging the electrical grid, which leads to uncertainty of the situation on board; lack of time for decision making, for example, the presence of a terrorist on board); complex nature that contains all or part of the situations described, which complicates and worsens the airspace. The types of special conditions and emergency situations were classified; the conditions and factors, which may cause urgency and emergency situations, were determined; professional subjects that influence the professional communication training in special flight conditions and emergency situations were outlined. The basic approaches to theoretical and practical preparation of the aforementioned category of aviation specialists are outlined. The authorʼs interpretation of "extreme conditions of flight activity" is proposed, namely: as a combination of extraordinary elements of a particular situation that potentially threaten the safety of flights and require immediate action.